Mineral processing consists of three processes: ore washing, crushing, and beneficiation. In the process of enriching valuable metals from low-grade, multi-metal associated ores and processing them into concentrates with high metal content, various types of reagents such as collectors, frothers, depressants, and flocculants need to be added. Most of these reagents are toxic and hazardous substances, including cyanides, arsenides, dichromates, various alkyl xanthates, substituted phenols, anilines, pyridines, hydrocarbons, alkenes, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, and esters. These substances enter the environment through the discharge of mineral processing wastewater or via tailings ponds, migrate and transform in water, atmosphere, and soil, causing secondary pollution and severe damage to the ecological environment.
Mineral processing reagents mainly refer to collectors, frothers, depressants, flocculants, regulators, as well as extractants, extractant matrix modifiers, and diluents used in hydrometallurgy, involving hundreds of types of inorganic or organic compounds.
Molecular Formula: C₂H₅OCSSNa
Properties: Light yellow powder (or granules) with a pungent odor; soluble in water, ethanol, etc.; can form insoluble compounds with metal ions such as cobalt, copper, and nickel.
Main Uses: Sodium ethyl xanthate is a collector with good selectivity among xanthate series products. It is widely used in the selective flotation of easily floatable or complex non-ferrous metal sulfide ores. It can also be used in combination with sulfidizing agents for the flotation of copper and lead oxide ores. Additionally, it serves as a precipitant in hydrometallurgy (e.g., purification of zinc electrolyte) and a vulcanization accelerator in the rubber industry.
Molecular Formula: (CH₃)₂CHOCSSNa
Properties: Light yellow powder (or granules) with a pungent odor; soluble in water.
Main Uses: The collecting capacity of sodium isopropyl xanthate in the flotation of non-ferrous metal sulfide ores is slightly stronger than that of sodium ethyl xanthate. It is mainly used as a collector for the flotation of various non-ferrous metal sulfide ores, and also serves as a precipitant in hydrometallurgy and a vulcanization accelerator in the rubber industry.
Molecular Formula: C₄H₉OCSSNa (K)
Properties: Light yellow or off-white powder (or granules) with a pungent odor; soluble in water and ethanol; can form insoluble compounds with various metal ions.
Main Uses: Sodium (potassium) butyl xanthate is a flotation reagent with strong collecting capacity. It is widely used in the bulk flotation of various non-ferrous metal sulfide ores. This product is particularly suitable for the flotation of chalcopyrite, sphalerite, pyrite, etc. Under specific conditions, it can be used for the selective flotation of copper sulfide ores from iron sulfide ores, and also for the flotation of sphalerite activated by copper sulfate.
Molecular Formula: (CH₃)₂CHCH₂OCSSNa (K)
Properties: Light yellow powder (or granules) with a pungent odor; highly soluble in water; can form insoluble compounds with various metal ions.
Main Uses: Sodium (potassium) isobutyl xanthate is also a flotation reagent with strong collecting capacity for various non-ferrous metal sulfide ores. It is mainly used for the flotation of copper, lead, zinc, and other metal sulfide ores. It has been shown to be particularly effective in flotation of various copper ores and pyrites in natural circuits.
Molecular Formula: (CH₃)₂CHCH₂CH₂OCSSNa
Properties: Yellow powder with a pungent odor; soluble in water.
Main Uses: Sodium isoamyl xanthate is a strong collector, mainly used for the flotation of non-ferrous metal minerals that require strong collecting capacity but not high selectivity. For example, it is an excellent collector for the flotation of oxidized sulfide ores, or copper oxide ores and lead oxide ores (sulfidized with sodium sulfide or sodium hydrosulfide). This product also achieves good separation results in the flotation of copper-nickel sulfide ores and gold-bearing pyrites.
Molecular Formula: C₅H₁₁OCSSNa (K)
Properties: Light yellow or off-white powder (or granules) with a pungent odor; soluble in water.
Main Uses: Sodium (potassium) amyl xanthate is a strong collector, mainly used for the flotation of non-ferrous metal minerals that require strong collecting capacity but not high selectivity. For example, it is an excellent collector for the flotation of oxidized sulfide ores, or copper oxide ores and lead oxide ores (sulfidized with sodium sulfide or sodium hydrosulfide). This product also achieves good separation results in the flotation of copper-nickel sulfide ores and gold-bearing pyrites.
Main Component: Xylenyl dithiophosphate
Molecular Formula: (C₇H₇O)₂PSSH
Properties: Dark brown oily liquid; has a pungent odor and corrosiveness; flammable; slightly soluble in water.
Main Uses: No. 25 Black Reagent has both collecting and frothing properties. It is an effective collector for lead, copper, silver sulfide ores and activated zinc sulfide ores, and is often used in the selective flotation separation of lead and zinc. In alkaline circuits, its collecting capacity for pyrite and other sulfide ores is very weak; however, in neutral or acidic media, it is a strong non-selective collector for all sulfide ores. Under specific conditions, it also has a certain collecting effect on heavy metal oxide ores. Since this product is only slightly soluble in water, it must be added to the conditioning tank or ball mill in its original form.
Main Component: Sodium dibutyl dithiophosphate
Molecular Formula: (C₄H₉O)₂PSSNa
Properties: Yellow to dark brown aqueous solution; no pungent odor; relatively stable chemical properties.
Main Uses: Sodium butyl dithiophosphate is an effective collector for gold ores, as well as silver, copper, and zinc sulfide ores. Its collecting capacity for pyrite in alkaline circuits is very weak. This product has only weak frothing properties.
Main Component: Sodium xylenyl dithiophosphate
Molecular Formula: (C₇H₇O)₂PSSNa
Properties: Dark brown to black aqueous solution; odorless.
Main Uses: Sodium No. 25 Black Reagent is an effective collector for copper and lead sulfide ores. Due to its very weak collecting capacity for zinc sulfide ores, it is often used in the selective separation flotation of copper-lead sulfide ores and zinc sulfide ores. When using this reagent, it can be directly added to the flotation circuit.
Main Component: Sodium N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate
Molecular Formula: (C₂H₅)₂NCSSNa·3H₂O
Properties: White to off-white crystals with no pungent odor; highly soluble in water. This product decomposes into carbon disulfide, diethylamine, etc., when exposed to acid.
Main Uses: The collecting performance of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate is similar to that of xanthates and black reagents; however, compared with xanthates and black reagents, it has the characteristics of strong collecting capacity, fast flotation speed, and low reagent dosage. Due to its very weak collecting capacity for pyrite, it has good selectivity in the flotation of sulfide ores. It shows better separation performance than xanthates and black reagents in the flotation of copper, lead, zinc, antimony, and other multi-metal sulfide ores. This product can also be used for metal smelting and purification, and as an accelerator in the rubber industry.
Main Component: O-isopropyl-N-ethyl thiocarbamate
Molecular Formula: (CH₃)₂CHOCSNHC₂H₅
Properties: Amber or dark brown oily liquid; has a slight pungent odor; slightly soluble in water; easily soluble in ethanol, ether, benzene, and petroleum ether; density: 990-1004 Kg/m³; flash point: 140°F.
Main Uses: Ethyl thiocarbamate is an excellent collector for non-ferrous metal sulfide ores. It has weak collecting capacity for pyrite and high selectivity, and can produce high-quality concentrates with low arsenic content (in the presence of arsenic) when used as a collector.
Chemical Component of Collector: Composite mineral processing chemical active substance
Properties: Yellow-brown liquid; soluble in water.
Main Uses: BK-301 Collector is suitable for the flotation of copper, gold, silver, zinc, molybdenum, and other sulfide ores in non-ferrous metal mines. It has weak collecting capacity for pyrite and good selectivity for copper, gold, and silver ores. It has the advantages of strong collecting capacity, good selectivity, low dosage, and certain frothing properties.
Main Component: Salicylhydroxamic acid derivative
Molecular Formula: ROH-RONHOH (R = alkyl or cycloalkyl)
Properties: Pink to orange-red pasty or powdery solid; slightly soluble in water; easily soluble in alkaline solutions; stable in nature.
Main Uses: Under specific conditions, T-610 has better selectivity than salicylhydroxamic acid. This product can form stable chelates with metals such as tin, tungsten, rare earths, copper, and iron, but only unstable chelates with alkaline earth metals and alkali metals. Therefore, T-610 exhibits good separation performance in the flotation of certain metal minerals. Industrial application in mineral processing shows that T-610 has strong selectivity for tin; it is usually used in conjunction with P86 in cassiterite flotation and has certain frothing properties. This product also has the characteristics of low dosage and strong applicability, making it highly valuable for promotion and application.
Main Component: Sodium diisobutyl dithiophosphate
Molecular Formula: (C₄H₉O)₂PSSNa
Properties: Yellow to dark brown aqueous solution; no pungent odor; relatively stable chemical properties.
Main Uses: Sodium isobutyl dithiophosphate is an effective collector for gold ores, as well as silver, copper, and zinc sulfide ores. Its collecting capacity for pyrite in alkaline circuits is very weak. This product has only weak frothing properties.
English Name: AMINO-DITHIOPHOSPHATE
Grade: B2-51
Main Component: Diphenylamino dithiophosphate
Molecular Formula: (C₆H₅NH)₂PSSH
Properties: White powder; insoluble in water; soluble in dilute alkaline solutions or solvents such as ethanol.
Main Uses: Aniline Black Reagent is used in the flotation of non-ferrous metal sulfide ores, with the characteristics of strong collecting capacity and good selectivity. This product is mainly used for the flotation of lead and copper minerals in the presence of sphalerite and iron sulfide ores, and also has a significant effect on improving the flotation recovery rate of gold and silver. Since aniline black reagent is used in the flotation process, the cyanide depressant for sphalerite can sometimes be omitted.
Name: ALKYL HYDROXIMIC ACID
Grade: B7-01
Molecular Formula: RCONHOH (R = C4～8 alkyl)
Properties: Dark red viscous liquid; can solidify into a waxy state below 15℃; slightly soluble in water; soluble in some solvents.
Main Uses: Hydroxamic acid is an excellent collector with strong collecting performance and good selectivity. This product has good collecting performance for various metal oxides, certain refractory metal oxide minerals, and some oxidized sulfide ores. It is effective for collecting various metal oxide ores such as copper oxide ores, hematite, yttrium-containing ores, wolframite, scheelite, ilmenite, niobium-containing ores, cassiterite, and rare earth minerals. This product is also an excellent extractant for metals such as gallium and germanium in non-ferrous metal smelting.
Name: SODIUM ALKYL HYDROXIMIC ACID
Main Component: Sodium alkyl hydroxamate
Molecular Formula: RCONHONa (R = C4～8 alkyl)
Properties: Dark red liquid; alkaline; soluble in water.
Main Uses: Sodium alkyl hydroxamate is a good collector with good collecting performance for various metal oxides, various metal oxide minerals, and some oxidized sulfide ores. It is effective for collecting various metal oxide ores such as copper oxide ores, hematite, yttrium-containing ores, wolframite, scheelite, ilmenite, niobium-containing ores, cassiterite, and rare earth metal ores.
Name: SALICYL HYDROXIMIC ACID
Main Component: Salicylhydroxamic acid (salicylohydroxamic acid)
Molecular Formula: C₆H₄OHCONHOH
Properties: Pink to orange-red solid powder; slightly soluble in water; soluble in alkaline solutions; stable in nature; has a salicylic acid odor.
Main Uses: Salicylhydroxamic acid can form stable chelates with metals such as tin, tungsten, rare earths, copper, and iron, but only unstable chelates with alkaline earth metals and alkali metals. Therefore, it has good selectivity. In particular, when salicylhydroxamic acid chelates with cassiterite, it can form not only various forms of outer complexes but also inner complexes with different structures; thus, it has strong selectivity for tin. This product is usually used in conjunction with P86 in cassiterite flotation and has certain frothing properties. It also has the characteristics of low toxicity (1/16 of that of benzyl arsonic acid, so its application can greatly improve environmental protection), low dosage, and strong applicability, making it highly valuable for promotion and application.
Product Name: Benzoyl Hydroxamic Acid
Main Component: Benzyl hydroxamic acid (benzoylohydroxamic acid)
Molecular Formula: C₆H₅CONHOH
Properties: Pink scaly solid powder; soluble in hot water and some solvents; slightly has a benzoic acid odor.
Main Uses: Benzoyl hydroxamic acid is an effective collector for refractory minerals such as smithsonite, wolframite, scheelite, and cassiterite. When used for smithsonite flotation under specific conditions, it can achieve ideal separation indicators. Industrial applications show that when benzoyl hydroxamic acid is used in combination with some other reagents in the flotation of wolframite and scheelite, it achieves ideal flotation results with significant improvements in both concentrate grade and recovery rate.
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